![]() Thus, the LDHA locus might be useful for marker-assisted selection, empowering breeders and trainers to maximize pigeon quality. ADCYAP1 was not polymorphic among our samples, while LDHA genotypes were significantly associated with deviated EBV values of longer total race distance individuals carrying the S+ genotype had higher EBV (i.e., greater survivability). Survivability was evaluated through the estimated breeding value (EBV) of each individual’s total race distances during its athletic life. In this study, we examined the association between LDHA and ADCYAP1 genotypes with pigeon survivability during racing competitions. Additionally, the adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 gene ( ADCYAP1) has been associated with physiological and behavioral shifts that occur during avian migration. ![]() Polymorphisms in the lactate dehydrogenase A gene ( LDHA) likely affects pigeon racing and homing abilities, due to its role in physical and mental performance. ![]() However, numerous genetic and non-genetic factors affect survivability and homing ability, making such traits difficult for breeders to control. ![]() Pigeons are under continuous selection to improve speed, spatial orientation, and endurance during long flights. Pigeon racing is a popular sport worldwide. ![]()
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